Offered paper - Mechanisms of immune modulation by vaccinia virus protein C16 Simon R. Offered paper - Characterisation of epitope-specific humoral responses to human cytomegalovirus glycoprotein-B vaccine with MF59 adjuvant in solid organ transplant recipient candidates Ilona Baraniak University College London, UK , Hall 1A.
Chair s : Gill Elliott. Offered paper - Mutational analysis and evolutionary history of louping ill virus, a neglected pathogen of sheep and grouse in Britain Myra Hosmillo University of Cambridge, UK , Hall 1C. Chair s : Erica Bickerton and David Evans. Offered paper - Is that a sphingosine in your pocket or are you just happy to see me?
Virus workshop: Restriction factors This workshop will include abstracts on aspects of restriction factor biology including constitutively expressed and interferon-induced host factors. Offered paper - Neutralising potency of the innate pattern recognition receptors L-ficolin and H-ficolin against hepatitis C virus and Ebola virus infection Christopher P.
Chair s : Andrew MacDonald. Virus workshop: Viral haemorrhagic fevers This workshop will include abstracts on aspect of viral haemorrhagic fevers and the workshop will be structured around a typical life-cycle of the viruses that cause these diseases, covering their pathogenesis, virus entry and uncoating, genome replication, particle structure, assembly and egress.
Chair s : Stephen Griffin. Offered paper - Exploiting the reverse genetics system for severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus to study Phlebovirus tropism Ben Brennan University of Glasgow, UK , Room 3B. Chair s : Elinor Thompson.
Chair s : Jason King. The management of patients with herpes simplex encephalitis — is there a case for steroids? Insights from within: Current understanding of microbial interactions with insects Understanding of critical interactions of insects with microbes has made great progress in recent years, fuelled by methodological advances in ecological genomics and analytical techniques.
Chair s : Thorsten Allers. Offered paper - Genomic analyses of bee-associated Wolbachia reveal a recent biotin operon transfer and enable the timing of Wolbachia diversification Michael Gerth University of Liverpool, UK , Hall 2N.
Chair s : Ian Roberts. Prokaryotic cell biology forum This forum will consider work on all fundamental aspects of the physiology, biochemistry and structure of prokaryotic cells. Offered paper - What are the benefits of aging for bacteria and what is the evidence?
Chair s : Mark Webber. Offered paper - Promoting stable polyphosphate accumulation in E. Prokaryotic genetics forum Offered papers on all aspects of the genes and genomes of prokaryotes and their mobile elements will be considered, including their sequencing, transcription, translation, regulation, chromosome dynamics, gene transfer, population genetics and evolution, taxonomy and systematics, comparative genomics, metagenomics, bioinformatics, and synthetic biology. Offered paper - Prevalence and molecular types of Clostridium difficile isolates from faecal specimens of patients in a tertiary care centre Chetana Vaishnavi Institute of Medical Education and Research, India , Room 3B.
Offered paper - How variable is variability: how different are the phase variable genes of Campylobacter strains? Chair s : Lori Snyder. Offered paper - Source-sink plasmid transfer dynamics maintain gene mobility and facilitate interspecific gene transfer in soil bacterial communities James P. Offered paper - A longitudinal study of elderly patients identifies dynamic bacterial and host responses to long-term Escherichia coli colonisation of the bladder Lauren Drage Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, UK , Room 3B.
Offered paper - Sequencing a piece of history: Complete genome sequence of the first Escherichia coli isolate Karl A. Offered paper - Use of chemical biology to identify cellular protein kinases involved in histone phosphorylation during human cytomegalovirus replication Blair Strang St George's, University of London, UK , Hall 1A.
Chair s : Jo Parish. Offered paper - Avian influenza: can antigenic drift lead to an augmented zoonotic potential? Offered paper - Why are potassium channels required for the multiplication of bunyaviruses? Chair s : Silke Schepelmann. Offered paper - Morphogenesis of respiratory syncytial virus in human primary nasal ciliated epithelial cells Richard Sugrue Nanyang Technological University, Singapore , Hall 2F.
Offered paper - Identification of the genetic signatures in the haemagglutinin HA protein that control the stability of live attenuated influenza vaccines Ruben Maeso Astrazeneca Biologics, UK , Hall 2F.
Virus workshop: Positive strand viruses, double stranded RNA viruses and plant viruses This workshop will include abstracts on aspects of the biology of positive strand RNA, double stranded RNA or plant viruses.
Offered paper - Characterisation of over 50 novel, infectious, chimeric hepatitis C virus clones incorporating genotype 1, 2 and 3 patient-derived glycoproteins Barnabas King University of Nottingham, UK , Hall 1C. Chair s : Adrian Fox and Alain Kohl. Offered paper - New insights into the honey bee pathogen, deformed wing virus Gideon J. Virus workshop: Retroviruses We invite abstracts on any aspect of retrovirus biology. Refreshments and exhibition Room 3A.
Besra, Hall 1A. Science Showoff Poster and exhibition space. Novel tools for manipulation of genes and genomes Genetic manipulation technologies are essential for advances in many areas of biology, from research into fundamental cellular mechanisms to the applied fields of industrial biotechnology and synthetic biology.
Chair s : Dave Grainger. The hostile cell: Intrinsic antiviral immunity — part 2 The innate immune system represents the first line of defence against infection. The global transcriptional landscape: Small changes, big effects The role of global regulatory systems in controlling the transcriptional landscape in bacteria has been a cornerstone of modern molecular microbiology.
Global reprogramming of the Yersinia pseudotuberculosis transcriptional landscape in response to temperature and host signals Petra Dersch Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Germany , Room Thursday 24 March, Afternoon Insights from within: Current understanding of microbial interactions with insects Understanding of critical interactions of insects with microbes has made great progress in recent years, fuelled by methodological advances in ecological genomics and analytical techniques.
Refreshments and exhibition Foyer. Chair s : Geertje van Keulen. Chair s : Ryan Seipke. Offered paper - Arginine is a critical substrate for the pathogenesis of P. Chair s : Alan McNally. Using experimental evolution, genome resequencing and transcriptomics to understand mechanisms of co-evolution between P. Offered paper - The role of long-range chromatin reorganisation by Epstein-Barr virus in lymphoma development C.
Acetylation-dependent signalling in bacterial chemotaxis Michael Eisenbach Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel , Hall 1C Post-translational modifications of proteins. Offered paper - Human pathogenic fungi: adaptation to zinc nutritional immunity Aaron Crawford University of Aberdeen, UK , Room 4 Nutrition immunity: Metals at the host-pathogen interface. Refreshments and exhibition Hall 2 Viral haemorrhagic fevers. Refreshments and exhibition Hall 2 Crowdsourcing new antibiotics: Novel approaches.
Refreshments and exhibition Hall 2 Membrane transporters. Refreshments and exhibition Hall 2 Nutrition immunity: Metals at the host-pathogen interface. Refreshments and exhibition Hall 2 Post-translational modifications of proteins. Battling against nutritional immunity: Bacterial systems for avoiding zinc and copper stress Jennifer Cavet University of Manchester, UK , Room 4 Nutrition immunity: Metals at the host-pathogen interface.
Why is soil such a good hunting ground for antibiotics? Phosphorylation networks: Extensive communication between the sensor kinases controlling virulence in Pseudomonas aeruginosa Stephen Porter University of Exeter, UK , Hall 1C Post-translational modifications of proteins.
Evolution in action: Climate change, biodiversity dynamics and emerging infectious disease Daniel Brooks University of Nebraska, USA , Room 4 The impact of climate change on disease transmission. Offered paper - Host inflammatory response to mosquito bites defined severity of mosquito-transmitted virus infection Marieke Pingen University of Glasgow, UK , Room 4 The impact of climate change on disease transmission.
Refreshments and exhibition Hall 2 Microbial evasion of host defences. Refreshments and exhibition Hall 2 The impact of climate change on disease transmission. Using genome-wide studies to understand susceptibility to tuberculosis Sergey Nejentsev University of Cambridge, UK , Room 12 Microbial evasion of host defences.
Binomics of temperate and tropical culicoides: Knowledge gaps and consequences for transmission of culicoides-borne viruses Beth Purse Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, UK , Room 4 The impact of climate change on disease transmission. Future impact of climate change on infectious diseases of animals Matthew Baylis Institute of Infection and Global Health, UK , Room 4 The impact of climate change on disease transmission.
Networking Hall 2F Crowdsourcing new antibiotics: Novel approaches. Host—parasite interactions under systemic conditions Heiko Herwald Lund University, Sweden , Room 12 Microbial evasion of host defences.
Now you see me, now you don't: Innate immune recognition of endoplasmic reticulum stress during infection with Brucella abortus Renee Tsolis University of California, USA , Room 12 Microbial evasion of host defences. Exploiting yeast intra-species diversity to unravel complex phenotypes Elke Nevoigt Jacobs University Bremen, Germany , Room 4 Mining microbial diversity for pleasure and profit.
Hijacked then lost in translation: The plight of the recombinant host cell in membrane protein structural biology projects Roslyn Bill Aston University, UK , Hall 2N Membrane transporters. Manipulation of the immune system through engagement of lectin receptors by bacterial pathogens Luisa Martinez-Pomares University of Nottingham, UK , Room 12 Microbial evasion of host defences.
Kluyveromyces marxianus — an emerging yeast for cell factory applications John Morrissey University College Cork, Ireland , Room 4 Mining microbial diversity for pleasure and profit. Offered paper - Engineering the bacterial flagellum: conversion into a high efficiency protein secretion machine Charlotte Green University of Sheffield, UK , Hall 2N Membrane transporters.
Refreshments and exhibition Hall 2 Mining microbial diversity for pleasure and profit. Refreshments and exhibition Hall 2 The hostile cell: Intrinsic antiviral immunity — part 1. Thus viral gene expression is controlled by transcriptional polarity. Viral genome replication, i. The switch between the transcriptive and replicative modes appears to be controlled by the concentration of the nucleocapsid protein.
When N reaches a critical concentration, it binds newly synthesized RNA within the leader sequence and allows the polymerase to readthrough intergenic regions and synthesize full-size positive-strands i. Segmented viruses encode their genetic information in multiple molecules of negative-sense RNA.
In the case of influenza A virus Orthomyxoviridae , the genome is composed of eight unique segments of virion RNA. In contrast to most RNA virus families, orthomyxoviruses require a functional cell nucleus for replication. This requirement reflects the fact that the orthomyxovirus polymerase complex can neither initiate transcription de novo nor cap and methylate viral mRNAs. As with unsegmented viruses, the trigger controlling the transition from transcription to replication may be the concentration of nucleocapsid protein.
Other negative-stranded viruses possess additional molecular surprises. Furthermore, in what may be the prototype of a new family within the Mononegavirales , Borna disease virus replicates and transcribes its genome within the nucleus and utilizes RNA splicing to generate its messages.
Animal viruses with dsRNA genomes are segmented and can be viewed as a variant of the negative-sense strategy in which the virion encapsidates the replicative form of the genome. Genomic dsRNA is transcribed within partially uncoated ribonuclease-resistant viral cores by the virion-associated polymerase to yield viral mRNAs. Early in infection, some progeny plus-strands function as translational templates whereas others associate with nonstructural proteins and form complexes which are transcribed once to yield dsRNA.
Newly synthesized dsRNA serves as template for the synthesis of additional viral mRNA which amplifies the replication cycle. Later, as the concentration of core and capsid proteins increases, the dsRNA—protein complex exchanges nonstructural for structural proteins and forms mature virus particles. After viral entry, the virion capsid is partially uncoated and a complementary DNA copy of the RNA genome is synthesized using reverse transcriptase.
An endonucleolytic activity, integral to the reverse transcriptase, degrades the RNA template and second-strand DNA synthesis begins.
The upstream LTR plays a very important role in retrovirus gene expression because it contains enhancer elements which regulate pol II-catalyzed transcription.
The downstream LTR is not involved in viral gene expression, but may activate host oncogenes and play a role in cell transformation. Full-length genome-sized RNA can either be packaged within virions or serve as messenger for the capsid and catalytic viral proteins. Translation of retrovirus genomic RNA yields two classes of polyproteins.
REV mediates the switch between the synthesis of regulatory proteins i. TAT and REV and the generation of structural and catalytic proteins by binding to cis -acting sequences within viral mRNA and directing the transport into the cytoplasm of unspliced genomic RNA and singly-spliced envelope message. With the exception of parvoviruses and hepadnaviruses, the genomes of which are respectively single-stranded and partially double-stranded, DNA- containing animal viruses possess a dsDNA genome.
In place of a detailed discussion of each family, broader issues of viral DNA replication will be discussed. To begin with, DNA viruses differ greatly in their genetic content ranging in size from 5 kbp Parvoviridae to greater than kbp Herpesviridae, Poxviridae and Iridoviridae. Not unexpectedly, the degree to which virus replication is dependent on cellular functions reflects the genetic complexity of the virus.
Thus, parvoviruses and papovaviruses require extensive host involvement to support viral biosynthetic events including DNA synthesis , whereas other families are progressively more independent. Among herpes-, pox- and iridoviruses, viral genes are expressed in a coordinated temporal sequence of immediate early, early and late genes.
Generally immediate early genes code for proteins required to initiate virus replication, early genes encode catalytic functions e. Furthermore, immediate early genes activate early and late gene transcription, whereas specific early and late genes downregulate immediate early and early gene expression respectively.
Aside from specific regulatory proteins, full late gene expression also requires viral DNA synthesis, thus inhibitors of viral DNA replication block late gene expression despite the presence of functional immediate early and early activators.
In contrast to other DNA viruses, hepadnaviruses possess a circular, partially single-stranded DNA genome that is replicated through an RNA intermediate using virus-encoded reverse transcriptase. The latter is encapsidated and transcribed into complementary DNA using virus-encoded protein P both as the primer and the reverse transcriptase.
However, before its completion, the virion is exported from the cell leaving genomic DNA partially single-stranded. Reflecting their metabolic independence from the host cell, poxviruses synthesize unique DNA and RNA polymerases, and their virions contain all the proteins needed to transcribe the earliest class of viral mRNAs. Furthermore, viral transcriptional promoters and termination sequences are unique and are regulated by virus-specific factors.
Iridoviruses, occupying a taxonomic middle-ground between poxviruses and the nuclear DNA viruses, possess several distinctive features. Methylation is catalyzed by a virus-encoded enzyme and, as in some bacteriophage systems, appears to function as part of a restriction—modification system.
Surprisingly, despite the high content of methylcytosine, host RNA polymerase II has been implicated in at least the early rounds of viral transcription.
However, it is not known whether unmodified pol II transcribes viral DNA late in infection or whether viral-encoded proteins modify pol II and alter its specificity. Once sufficient stores of viral nucleic acid and protein have accumulated in the infected cell, nucleocapsid formation and virion assembly begin and continue as long as the cells are metabolically competent.
Despite the large number of vertebrate virus families, only three types of nucleocapsids are found: complex, helical and icosahedral spherical. Little is known about the molecular mechanisms controlling their assembly.
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Their genomes are translated shortly after penetration into the host cell to produce the RdRp and other viral proteins required for synthesis of additional viral RNAs. Positive-strand RNA viruses often use large complexes of cellular membranes for genome replication. They actively modify host cell membranes to construct viral replication scaffolds.
For each of these groups of viruses, the first synthetic event after genome penetration is transcription. This is accomplished by viral proteins including the RdRp that enter cell with the genome. RdRp is the key player for all of these processes Fig. Ribbon diagram of flavivirus RdRp. Fingers, palm, and thumb subdomains are colored in blue, green, and red, respectively. Motifs A, C, E, F, the G-loop, and the priming loop are colored in orange, yellow, gray, magenta, cyan, and purple, respectively.
N-ter and C-ter indicate the termini of the RdRp domain. RdRps of RNA viruses probably arose from a common ancestor. The RdRp, in association with other proteins required for viral genome synthesis is often called the replicase complex. The biochemical requirements for genome synthesis may or may not be identical to those required for synthesis of mRNAs.
If the two processes differ, the term transcription complex is sometimes used to describe the particular set of proteins required for viral mRNA synthesis.
Upon penetration into the host cell, ribosomes assemble on the genome to synthesize viral proteins. During the replication cycle of positive-strand RNA viruses, among the first proteins to be synthesized are those needed to synthesize additional genomes and mRNAs. A functional definition of a positive-strand virus is that purified or chemically synthesized genomes are infectious Fig.
Schematic representation of replication of positive-strand RNA virus genomes. The genome of a positive-strand RNA virus is an mRNA that is translated, upon entry into the cells, to produce proteins needed for transcription and genome replication for example, RdRp.
After initial rounds of translation, the genome serves as the template for synthesis of copy RNA. RdRp is a nonstructural protein, meaning that it is not found within the assembled virion.
Instead it is translated directly from the infecting genome shortly after penetration. RdRp and other viral proteins needed for viral RNA synthesis are encoded as a polyprotein that is cleaved by virally encoded proteases. In the case of the picornaviruses and the flaviviruses, all viral proteins structural and nonstructural are synthesized as part of a single long polyprotein. Other positive-strand RNA viruses i. For each of these groups of viruses, the first synthetic event after genome penetration is transcription Fig.
This is accomplished by viral proteins including viral RdRp that enter cell with the genome. They associate with the genome through interactions with RNA-binding nucleocapsid N or capsid proteins. Therefore, naked purified away from protein genomic RNA is not infectious, cannot be translated, and will eventually be degraded if transcription is blocked. Before genome replication can proceed, viral mRNAs must be transcribed and translated.
If purified virions are gently lysed under appropriate buffer conditions, with the addition of NTPs, mRNAs will be transcribed in the test tube. However, genome RNA will not be synthesized under these conditions Table Schematic representation of replication of genomes of minus-strand RNA viruses.
Upon entry into the cell, the active transcription complex synthesizes mRNAs. This process can also occur in a test tube see Fig.
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